HomeMy WebLinkAbout2002 05 20 Regular H Traffic Calming Workshop Date
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COMMISSION AGENDA
ITEM H
CONSENT
INFORMATIONAL
PUBLIC HEARING
REGULAR X
Ma0 2002
Meeting
MGR VnEPT /If/
Authorization
REQUEST: Public Works Department Presenting Information on Traffic Calming to the
City Commission and Requesting a Workshop Date be Established
PURPOSE: The purpose of this Board item is to provide examples of traffic calming policies
and procedures for Commission consideration and to request a workshop date be
set to give staff direction on traffic calming policy issues.
. CONSIDERATIONS:
The City Commission requested that staffbring back information relative to
developing a policy needed to prioritize traffic calming requests and establish an
implementation plan to address the prioritized list based on available funding. Attached
are several examples of other Cities traffic calming policies and procedures provided as a
starting point. There are numerous variations to these policies,
In developing a policy there are many issues that need to be addressed such as:
. Formal vs. informal process
· Quantitative or qualitative reviews
· Neighborhood or City initiated requests
· Types of traffic calming measures deemed acceptable
· Impact on Public Safety response times
· Evaluation of Project Effectiveness
· Hire consultant or additional staff
· Long term maintenance costs
Staff recommends a workshop to begin formulating a policy that addresses the
. concerns of the City Commission. We will have Mr. Ian Lockwood present to assist in the
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May 13, 2002
Regular Agenda Item H
Page 2
process. He is available the following dates; June 4t\ 6th, lIt!., 2St!" or 2ih. If any of these
dates are unacceptable, July was wide open.
The Police Department is developing a "top ten" list of potential streets, which can
be reviewed at the workshop.
FUNDING:
No funding is needed at this time. We did include $500,000 in the One-Cent Sales
Tax Renewal project list of which $100,000 for traffic calming was tentatively budgeted in
2003 and $100,000 in 2004. The One-Cent Sales Tax will likely have more funds
available as specific projects are constructed and prioritized.
RECOMMENDATION:
It is recommended that the City Commission establish a workshop to
develop a policy and procedure for traffic calming.
ATTACHMENTS:
1. June Calender
2. City of Champaign, lllinois Traffic Calming Request and Review Procedure
3. City of Fairfax, Virginia Traffic Calming Policy and Devices
COMMISSION ACTION:
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CITY OF WeER SPRINGS
JUNE 2002
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SUNDAY I MONDAY I TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
Notes: 1
· Meetings Shown In Red Ink Are Scheduled For The Commission Chambers
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CALNO (.4l1ematillg Cities)
Regular Meeting - 6:30 P .A1.
Board Of Adjustment
Planning And ZoninglLPA Regular Mecting - 7:00 P.M.
Regular Mecting" 7:00 P,M, (If Scheduled)
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Oak Forest Wall &
Beautification OfWintcr Beautification District
City Commission Spring.-; Board (BOWS) Advisory Committee
Regular Mecting" 6:30 P.M. Regular Mecting" 7:00 P.l\.j, Regular Mecting - 7:00 P.M
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
TuscawiIla Lighting &
Beautification District
Advisory Committee
Regular Meding - 7:00 P.M.
Code Enforcement Board
, Regular Meaing" 7:00 P.l'vl.
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
City Commission
Regular Mecting - 6:30 P,M.
30 NOTES:
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Exhibit A
Exhibit A
Traffic Calming Request and Review Procedure
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I. Information and Initial Requests for Traffic Calming
. An information packet will be available to all citizens who express an interest in
improving the traffic conditions in their neighborhood, The packet will include
information about various neighborhood traffic management tools, a summary of the
traffic calming process, and necessary forms.
. To begin the process, a group of citizens representing 10 or more separate households
from a given traffic neighborhood (or an appropriate portion thereof) submits a letter
to the Engineering Division or Neighborhood Services Department expressing their
interest in improving traffic conditions in their neighborhood. The letter should
describe, as completely as possible, the location and details of the types of traffic
problems perceived,
II, Neighborhood Meeting I Information Gathering
. Once the request has been received and accepted, Neighborhood Services Department
will schedule and publicize a meeting in the neighborhood. At that meeting,
Neighborhood Services and Engineering staffwill explain available traffic
management strategies, as listed in Attachment 2, and listen to opinions about traffic
problems from the neighborhood.
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. After the neighborhood meeting, the Engineering Division will collect the appropriate
information according to Attachment 1.
III" Eligibility
. Arterial class streets are not eligible for traffic calming. All other streets must satisfy
the eligibility requiremenl$ outlined in Attachment 1.
. Collector class streets are eligible and shall be subject to rigorous scrutiny by affected
City Departments (Fire, Public Works, etc.).
. This policy applies only to City approved Traffic Neighborhoods.
IV" Design
. If the location is eligible for traffic calming, the design phase begins.
. For local street projects where there is generally agreem~t regarding the problems
and strategies, staffwill prepare the design. For collector street projects, a citizen
team may be appointed by the residents to work with City staff to develop solutions.
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Exhibit A
Exhibit A
For collector street projects, the citizen team will include both residents along the
street adjacent to the devices and those who must use the street as an access to their
residence on a local street. The citizen team may also include a representative from a
parallel street that could be impacted by changes to the collector street.
v,
Presentation of Design to Neighborhood
. Neighborhood Services and Engineering staff will schedule and attend a second
neighborhood meeting to report the results of the design process and to reach a
consensus from the neighborhood regarding any proposed actions. ,;
. A representative from the Fire Department will present the effects that traffic calming
measures will have on emergency response time. .
VI. Neighborhood Approval of the Design
. Once the design of the traffic calming improvements is detennined, the study area is
defined according to Attachment 3. For the project to move to the next step 65% of
the households in the petition area (each having one vote) must indicate their support
of the specific improvements on the petition,
VII, City Approval of the Design
. For local street projects, approval is required from the City Engineer, the Public
Works Director and the City Manager,
. For collector street projects or those involving diversion measures, the project will be
presented to the City Council for approval.
. The impacted neighborhood group will be notifiect of the final decision.
VIII. Project Scheduling
. Project scheduling will depend on budget and available resources.
. Projects will be scheduled 'in the order in which the final neighborhood petition
process was completed - a first in, first out approach.
IX, City Staff Evaluates Effectiveness of the Traffic Calming Device
. No earlier than 6 months and within 18 months of implementation, City staff will
conduct another study on the project to detennine the effects that the traffic calming
has on traffic, The before and after studies should be performed at the same time of
year in similar weather to ascertain the effects of the traffic calming devices. Traffic
volume and speed data will be recorded for comparison. Staff will report the results
of this evaluation to the City Manager, or his or her designee.
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Exhibit A
Exhibit A
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x,
Removal
· Two years from the date of implementation, citizens in the study area may petition to
have the traffic calming devices removed. There must be 65% of the households
(each having one vote) in the study area supporting the removal. The devices cannot
be considered for removal until after studies have been completed. Once the petition
has been verified, the City Manager, or his or her designee, may order the removal of
the devices.
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· Generally, traffic calming devices may not be requested in an area where traffic
calming devices were removed for a period of at least 2 years.
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Exhibit A
Exhibit A
Attachment 1 - Eligibility Criteria for Traffic Calming
The following criteria are used to produce a numerical score for each traffic
calming request.
Accidents - The last 3 full years of available accid,ent data for the section of
street for which traffic calming is being requested will be examined. 10 points will
be awarded for each accident that is susceptible to correction by traffic calming
devices,
(30 points maximum)
Speed Violation Rate - Percentage of vehicles traveling over the speed limit on
the subject street. One point is awarded for each percentage point of vehicles
traveling over the speed limit. (30 points maximum)
Traffic Volume - Average Daily Traffic (ADT) on the busiest section of the
subject street, divided by 300. (10 points maximum)
Increase in Traffic Volume - The current ADT will be compared to the ADT
from previous Illinois Department of Transportation Traffic Maps for Champaign.
The intent is to measure increases in traffic volumes related to factors outside the
neighborhood, not increases in traffic volumes due to the development of the
subdivision in which the subject street is located. The difference between the
current traffic volume and the previously measured traffic data is calculated and
divided by 100, If traffic volumes have decreased a score of 0 is assigned. (20
points maximum)
Schools - Five points for each private or public elementary school on the subject
street in the project area.
Other pedestrian areas -Five points for each ,individual pedestrian oriented
facility, such as a park, on the subject street.
Driveway Density - Density is expressed in terms of the number of driveways
per mile, Driveways are defined as private accesses to the public roadway,
serving up to 8 lots. Public roads and private roads are not considered
driveways. One point per 10 driveways per mile rate. For example, a density of
50 driveways per mile woulq receive a score of 5 points, (10 points maximum)
Other - Five points will be awarded for the absence of sidewalks an.d 5 points
will be awarded for the absence of street lights.
A score of greater than fifty-five (55) points is required for the location to
be eligible for traffic calming. The scores can also be used to prioritize traffic
calming requests,
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Exhibit A
Exhibit A
This numerical method outlined above serves as a guide in the decision-making
process. 'Satisfying the eligibility criteria does not require that traffic calming be
installed. The use of judgment by, the City Engineer will be required.
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Exhibit A
Exhibit A
Attachment 2 - City of Champaign Traffic Management
Strategies
Traffic Calming Devices
. Speed Reduction
Traffic Circles
Speed Humps / Raised Crosswalks
Semi-circle Chicanes
. Volume Reduction
Full Diverters
Partial Diverters
Other Traffic Management Strategies
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. Selective Traffic Enforcement Patrol (STEP)
. Traffic Safety Trailer
. Residential Speed Limit Program
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Exhibit A
Exhibit A
Attachment 3 - Neighborhood Approval Petition Area
8,t:
The Neighborhood Approval Petition Areas fall into several categories, dependent upon
the particular Traffic Neighborhood that the subject street is located in, Following is a '
list of the Traffic Neighborhoods and the Neighborhood Approval Petition Area
associated with that Traffic Neighborhood:
1-W 11-W 21 - W/P 31- P
2-W 12-P 22 - W/P 32'::'P
3-W 13 -,WIP 23-W' 33-W
4-W 14 - W/P 24 - W/P 34-W
5-W 15 - WIP 25-W 35-P
6-W 16-W 26-W 36-W
7-W 17-W 27-P 37-W
8-W 18-W 28-P 38-W
9-W 19 - WIP 29 - WIP
10-P 20-W 30-P
The abbreviations above are defined below:
W - A traffic neighborhood where the petition area is defined as the entire traffic
neighborhood,
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P - A traffic neighborhood where the petition area consists of a portion of the traffic
neighborhood, '
WIP - A traffic neighborhood where some streets would require a petition area
consisting of the entire traffic neighborhood and others streets would require only
a portion of the traffic neighborhood be inCluded in the petition area.
Notes:
1. Traffic calming installations may extend through multiple traffic neighborhoods.
2, Intention of the partial neighborhood is to include an appropriate subdivision of the
traffic neighborhood to be determined with input from City staff and from the
neig,hborhood meeting. .
3, A neighborhood designated as a W can be re-designated as a W/P by petition.
4. The City will establish additional traffic neighborhoods as the City expands.
5, The City Council will maintain oversight on the placement of traffic calming devices
of the overall benefit of citizens,
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Exhibit B
Exhibit B
Explanation of Eligibility Criteria
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The changes in the ~ligibility criteria from the system used by Bloomington are
explained below:
Accidents - The Task Force determined that safety should be a primary factor for the
installation of traffic calming and, therefore, accidents should weigh heavily into the
eligibility criteria. The Task Force changed the measurement of accidents from an
accident rate to the number of accidents, and a point value of 10 points per accident was
assigned with a maximum value of 30 points for the category.
Speed Violation Rate - The Task Force determined that the division of the violation rate
by 3 resulted in point totals that did not reflect the importance of speeding as a factor for
traffic calming. The Task Force determined that the violation rate itself would be the
number of points awarded, to a maximum of 30 points.
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Traffic Volume - The Task Force determined that current traffic volume on a given
street should not have the same weight as accidents and the violation rate. The maximum
number of points was changed to 10 and a category for measuring an increase in volume
was created (this category is explained later), The Task Force did not specify how the
volume measurement would relate to the points awarded. Staff suggests dividing the
volume by 300 and awarding that number of points, up to the lO-point maximum. The
reasoning for using 300 is that a local street carrying less than 300 vehicles per day is
reasonable and therefore would not warrant any points. A street carrying at least 3,000
vehicles would receive the maximum number of points.
Increase of Traffic Volume - The Task Force determined that the change in traffic
volume should be a more important factor than the current volume, Staff interprets this
as the change in volume due to external factors, over which the neighborhood does not
have controL TIlls is consistent with the goal of traffic calming to reduce 'cut-through'
traffic. The previous volume is subtracted from the current volume and divided by 100 to
calculate the number of points awarded up to the maximum of20 points established by
the Task Force.
'The following two examples illustrate how this category would be applied:
The Paula Drive traffic volumes for 1991 (2,750 vpd) 1996 (2,650 vpd) and 2000 (4,539
vpd) indicate a significant increase in traffic volumes between 1996 and 2000. The
subdivisions along Paula were complete during the data collection in each year, Between
1996 and 2000, the US Post Office on Mattis, across from Paula, was built, The logical
conclusion is that the post office has increased traffic along Paula This is an external
factor and the result of traffic that is likely not related to the subdivisions along Paula
Drive, The difference is 1,889 vpd, which translates to 19 points.
The Devonshire Drive traffic volumes for 1991 (4,450 vpd), and 2000 (4,345 vpd) do not
indicate an increase in traffic volumes, Traffic data from 1996 (8,300 vpd) was not used
because, as residents along Devonshire have indicated, traffic from Windsor Road used
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Exhibit B
Exhibit B
Devonshire during a construction project along Windsor Road in 1996. Comparing the
1986 volumes (2,400 vpd) with 1991 volumes does indicate an increase in traffic. In
1986 the west portion of Devonshire was undeveloped (the street did connect to Mattis).
In 1991, the west end of Devonshire was near full development. The logical conclusion
is that the change between 1986 and 1991 was due to the build out of the subdivisions
along the west end of Devonshire and not due to external factors. The 1991 and 2000
volumes were used for the traffic volume comparison because Devonshire was fully
developed in both cases, The comparison indicates a slight decrease in traffic volumes,
This results in 0 points, '
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Schools - This factor was unchanged,
Other pedestrian areas, - This factor was unchanged.
Driveway Density - This factor was unchanged.
Other - The Task Force determined the absence of sidewalks and streetlights should be
included as 'a factor in the calculations, 5 points to be awarded for the absence of each, to
a maximum of 1 0 points.
A score of greater than 55 points is required for a location to be eligible for traffic
calming. The Task Force determined that with the addition of another category and
increased point totals, amounting to 28 additional points available, that the qualifying
score should be raised,
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The Task Force determined that a note indicating that this numerical method serves as a
guide in the decision':'making process and that being eligible does not require the City to
install traffic calming should be added. The City Engineer and other City staff may
evaluate proposed changes to determine if there are potential negative impacts on the
overall transportation system of the City,
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Exhibit 8
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Eligibility Criteria Results
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Devonshire Paula Vine Walnut WaverlV
(Prospect to O'Donnell) (McKlnlev to Mattis) (State to Prospect) (RR to Bradley) in its entirety
Accidents 3 30 pts 11 30 pts 8 30 pts 2 20 pts 0 Opts
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Speed Violation Rate 3% 3 pts 4% 4 pts 8% 8 pts 0% Opts 13% 13 pts
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Traffic Volume 4,345 vpd 10 pts 4,539 ~pd 10 pts 1,179 vpd 4 pts 795 vpd 3 pts 1,197 4 pts
Increase in Traffic Volume 0 Opts 1889 19 pts 129 1 pt 0 Opts 0 opts
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Schools N Opts N Opts N Opts N Opts N Opts
Other Pedestrian Areas N "Q pt~ N opts Y -park 5 pts Y -park 5 pts N Opts
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Driveway Density 90 drives/mi , ,9 p'~s, 104 drlves/mi 10 pts 92 drives/ml 10 pts 90 drives/mi 9 pts 74 drives/mi 8 pts
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Other (Sidewalks/Streetlights) Y/N 5 pts N/N 10 pts YIY Opts Y/N 5 pts N/N 10 pts
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TOTAL POINTS 57 pts 83 pts 58 pts 42 pts 35 pts
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Dsts Collection Notes:
Volume: Traffic volume data was collected using tube counters. Data was collected on a weekday for a 24 hour period at two or three locations
along each subject street. The largest traffic count was applied to the eligibility criteria.
Speed: Speed data was collected using a radar gun. Data was collected on a weekday during the time period between the morning rush and the
lunch rush. The Illinois Department of Transportation Policy recommends the collection of speed data during non-peak periods.
, AccIdents: Accident data was retrieved from the Local Accident Reference Reports prepared by the Illinois Departm..ent of Transportation for the
years 1997. 1998 and 1999.
DrIveway Density: Driveways were counted from aerial photographs of the City..
A score greater than 55 points Is requIred for a location to be ellglble for traffic calming,
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ATTACHMENT NO, 3
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Traffic Calming Policy and Devices
Policy For Use Of Traffic Calming On City Streets
City of Fairfax, Virginia
J, Statement of Purpose
This policy provides a procedure to consider, evaluate and implement requests for traffic calming
measures on residential streets,
ll. Definitions
a. Collector Street - any two or four lane street which links an arterial street with another collector street
or a local street.
b. Local Street - any two lane street with a primary purpose of providing direct access to abutting
residential properties
c. Residential Cut-through Traffic - traffic which uses local or collector streets to travel through a
residential neighborhood without having an origin or destination within the neighborhood.
d. Speed Study - a study using radar equipment to measure, collect and statistically analyze the speeds of
one hundred (100) or more vehicles.
.. Traffic Calming Device - an element of a traffic calming plan selected from among those devices
uthorized herein for use within the city.
f. Traffic Calming Study - an appraisal of traffic conditions and the development of a plan for
implementing one or more traffic calming devices in a residential neighborhood.
g. Traffic Count - a manual or automated count of the number of vehicles traversing a particular street in
a given time period.
ill. Initiation of Traffic Calming Study
a. Petition - a study may be implemented upon receipt by the city manager of a petition signed by at
least one member of sixty-six (66) percent of the households facing on the block(s) of the street on
which the Traffic Calming Study is requested. A block shall consist of every developed property having
frontage on the street to be studied between successive intersecting streets.
b. City Council Recommendation - a Traffic Calming Study may be initiated at the direction of the City
Council,
IV. Phases of Traffic Calming Study
a. Citizen Meeting - a Traffic Calming Study shall begin with an open meeting to which all potentially
affected residents are invited. An overview of what traffic calming is, what it is intended to do and what
criteria are used in selecting traffic calming devices and their location(s) will be provided, as well as an
opportunity for residents to provide comments. -
., Data Collection Phase - the following data and infonnation shall be collected by the 'city staff:
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1. Street classification,
. 2. Traffic volume's (average weekday for each street).
3. Traffic speeds (average weekday for each street).
4. Posted Speed Limits (for each street).
5. Physical data (for each street including the number oflanes, width, grade and alignment).
6. Accident data reports (for each street being studied).
7. Community facilities and schools.
8. Emergency vehicle and snow emergency routes.
9. CUE or other bus routes.
10. Through truck routes,
11. Alternate routes that traffic may take if Traffic Calming Devices are installed.
c. Plan Development - a neighborhood task force shall be established by the city manager to work with
the city staff in developing a plan.
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V, Traffic Calming Study Priority & Design Criteria
a. Criteria - the following criteria shall be used in establishing priorities for installing traffic calming in a
residential neighborhood:
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1. Street type - limited to streets classified as collector or local.
2. Speed limit - the posted speed limit may not be more than twenty-five (25) miles per hour.
3. Lanes of traffic -limited to streets having only one lane of moving traffic in each direction.
4. Emergency routes - streets must not be a snow emergency route or primary route for fire and
rescue equipment.
5. Traffic volume - priority shall be given to streets that exceed two thousand (2000) vehicles on an
average weekday.
6. Traffic speed - priority shall be given to streets where the speed limit is exceeded by the highest
amount and the most vehicles.
7. Grades - at the discretion of the director of public works, certain traffic calming devices may not
be used if street grades are too steep.
8. Sight distance - at the discretion of the director of public works, certain traffic calming devices
may not be used if curves or obstacles would create an unsafe condition for motorists driving at
normal speed under average driving conditions.
9. Community facilities - priority shall be given to streets that do not provide direct access to schools
or other community facilities. ,
10. Bus routes - streets with mass transit routes shall be considered for traffic calming if such routes
can be redirected to other streets. -
11. Truck routes - the street may not be a through truck route, unless an acceptable alternate route is
identified. '
12. Pedestrian/bicycle safety - the traffic calming plan shall not adversely affect pedestrian or bicycle
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safety.
13. Drainage - the traffic calming plan shall not adversely affect street drainage,
14. Planned improvements - streets with planned capital improvements shall be given priority for
implementation of traffic calming.
b. Traffic Diversion - if a traffic calming plan could divert more than five (5) per cent of the traffic to
another Collector or Local Street, such street shall also be considered for traffic calming,
c. Traffic Safety - the volume and speed criteria may be modified if there exists in the judgement of the
director of public works a speed-related accident problem and such accident problem would be corrected
by the Traffic Calming Device,
d. Design Criteria - the latest Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) standards shall be used
where applicable.
e. Approved Traffic Calming Devices - the city shall develop and maintain a list and description of
approved Traffic Calming Devices for use within the city. Such a list shall be an attachment to this
policy and be amended from time to time as various devices are introduced or tested within the city.
VI, Transportation Safety Commission (TSC) Review
a. Public Meeting - all proposed traffic calming plans shall be reviewed by the TSC in an open public
meeting where residents are provided an opportunity to give their views,
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b. TSC Recommendation - the TSC shall provide a recommendation to the city manager.
vn, Traffic Calming Plan Approval
a. Review - the city manager shall review the traffic calming plan and the TSC recommendation,
b. Decision - the city manager shall provide a decision on whether or not to implement or modify the
traffic calming plan and how to fund the plan.
c. Funding - funds will be provided out of the approved budget or, if necessary, a recommendation will
be forwarded to the City Council for a supplemental appropriation,
WI, Appeal Procedure
a. Appeal to City Council - the decision of the city manager may be appealed to the City Council within
twenty-eight (28) calendar days of such decision. '
b. Petition Required - the appeal must be accompanied by a petition signed by at least one member of
sixty-six (66, percent of the households facing on the block of the street on which the traffic calming
plan is proposed.
lX, Project Implementation
a. Scheduling - the plan shall be scheduled for project implementation by the director of public works
upon approval, identification of the funding source, and, if applicable, completion of any appeal
procedure.
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b. Project Completion - completion of the project shall be subject to work crew schedules, purchasing ".
constraints and appropriate weather conditions,
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X, Project Evaluation, Modification, Removal
a. Evaluation - the staff shall evaluate the traffic calming project from a safety standpoint within a one-
year period after installation. The evaluation will include, at a minimum, a review of traffic volumes,
speeds and accidents.
b. Modification or Removal - upon a finding by the director of public works of a hazardous situation or
condition created by the traffic calming project such situation or condition shall be immediately
corrected through modification or removal of a Traffic Calming Device or Devices. Residents of the
affected area may, upon submission of a petition signed by at least one member of sixty-six (66) percent
of the households facing on the block of the street on which the traffic calming project is located,
request removal of a Traffic Calming Device or Devices. .,
XI, Notices
a. Notice Required - notice shall be provided of any citizen meeting, task force meeting or TSC meeting
where the plan will be discussed; of the city managers's decision; and when City Council considers any
appeal of such decision.
b. Sufficiency - notice shall be deemed to be sufficient if mailed or hand delivered to each affected
Installation of Residential Traffic Calming (RTC) Devices
At a minimum, the following items should be reviewed by the design professional for each R TC
installation:
Geometric
. Alignment
. Turning radius
. Horizontal and vertical curves
. Super-elevation
· Major geometric features, such as sidewalks, curbs, etc.
· Roadway width
. Sight distances
Safety
. Channelization
. Illuminatio~
. Signing
· Safety Zone (clearance of obstructions from traveled roadway)
· Crosswalk locations
Utilities
· Water and sewer
· Franchise utilities (such as gas, power, telephone, etc.)
. Storm drainage
· -Location of fire hydrants
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Design Vehicles
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· Local emergency vehicle characteristics
· Minimum design vehicle (bus, single-unit tmck or passenger car)
· Public transit and school bus stops and routes
· Bicycles and wheelchairs
Other
· Landscaping
· Pedestrians and bicycles
· Handicapped access
. Parking
· Mail delivery routes
· Emergency access
Residential Traffic Calming Devices
J, Speed Hump
A. Definition
A raised hump (a pavement undulation) in the roadway with a parabolic top, extending across the road at
right angles to the direction of traffic flow.
. B. Placement
Spacing should be no closer than 500 feet. Speed humps should be early visible for 200 feet and placed
at least 200 feet from intersections.
C. Advantages
Effectively reduces speeds.
D. Disadvantages
Slows emergency vehicles and buses; increases noise, maintenance cost.
E. Estimated Construction Cost/Speed Hump
$2-$4,000
IT, Choker
A. Definition
A physical constriction built at the curbside of the roadway effectively reducing the width of the travel
lane.
B. Placement
Normal turning radii should be accommodated, visibility should be a key design consideration with
features such as advance warning signs, reflective channelization, reflectors. on curbs and elevated
landscaping.
.
C. Advantages
Effective lane narrowing results in lower speeds, provides parking protection, sholiens pedestrian
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crossing distance.
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D. Disadvantages
Potential drainage problems; increases maintenance costs.
E. Estimated Construction Cost/Pair
$3-$4,000
ill, Raised Sidewalk
A. Definition
A raised hump (a pavement undulation) in the roadway with a flat top, extending across the road at right
angles to the direction of traffic flow,
B. Placement
Where signi~cant number of pedestrians cross the roadway, speed hump placing considerations apply.
C. Advantages
Effectively reduces speeds, provides improved visibility for crossing pedestrians,
D. Disadvantages
Slows emergency vehicles and buses, increases noise, maintenance cost.
E.Estimated Construction CostlRaised Sidewalk
$2-$4,000
. IV. Traffic Circle
A. Definition
Provides circular, counter-clockwise operations at intersections by placing an elevated area in the middle
of the intersection, approaching vehicles yield to traffic already in the circle.
B. Placement
Street grades approaching the intersection should not exceed ten percent.
C. Advantages
Effectively reduces speeds, fewer left-turn accidents, visually can be attractive.
D. Disadvantages
Placement of circle may require parking removal.
E. Estimated Construction Cost/Circle
$2-$6,000
V, Crosswalk Refuge
A. Definition
A physical constriction (a median) built in the middle of the roadway with a cut provided for the
crosswalk.
.
,B. Placement
Where significant number of pedestrians cross the roadway.
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C. Advantages
Provides refuge for pedestrians when crossing the roadway, effective lane narrowing results in lower
speeds.
D. Disadvantages
Increases maintenance cost.
E. Estimated Construction Cost/Crossing
$3-$4,000
VI, Chicane
A. Definition
Physical constrictions (three/set) built at the curbside of the roadway to create a 45-degree bend in a
formerly straight street. This forces cars to negotiate the narrowed street in a snake-like fashion, The 45-
degree bend can also be achieved by alternating parking from one side of the street to the other.
B. Placement
Normal turning radii should be accommodated, sets are to be placed 400-600 feet apart, visibility should
be a key design consideration with features such as advance warning signs, reflective channelization,
reflectors on curbs and elevated landscaping.
C. Advantages
The snake-like alignment and the lane narrowing result in lower speeds, provide parking protection,
shorten pedestrian crossing distance.
. D. Disadvantages
May contribute to head-on collisions, potential drainage problems and higher maintenance costs.
E. Estimated Construction Cost/Set
$4-$5,000
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